In 2014, British Medical Journal published a systematic review of 53 trials (BMJ, 21;348, 2014) comparing real surgical procedures with virtual procedures. According to 74% of trials, there was clear improvement in the groups of virtual surgeons, while 51% of trials demonstrated that the results of virtual procedures were similar to the real ones. Another recently published review of 19 trials (BMJ Open. 2016 Jun 12;6(6):e010401) subverted the “golden knowledge” concerning the relationship between blood cholesterol –particularly LDL- and atherogenesis....

So, are there therapies that are applied massively with no absolute indications? Do we use drugs without evidence-based value? Do we operate patients who are probably not helped by the surgical procedure?  And if yes, which are these therapies?  UroSchool is the ideal place for questioning and looking into particularly hard issues like this one.