Τhe chapter about prostate cancer is revised all over again in books. However, have all Urologists fully understood the basic concepts? How many identities is it that an androgen receptor ultimately has? Why is one hormone therapy better than another? Why are there patients who - although they had been successfully receiving hormones for 1 year- suddenly stopped responding to hormone therapy, while others keep responding with consistency even for 10 and more consecutive years? And, what is it, after all, that “eats” the bones? Can it be prevented? And if not, how should we treat it?

Lithiasis is a daily issue in every Urologist’s medical practice. Although Endourology has been rapidly developing and Urologists have acquired more thorough knowledge, only little is known about the role of the stones’ chemical composition. Is it possible to determine from images the composition of calculi? What can the patient’s history imply about the composition of stones? Is it important to determine their composition before treating them? How is a proper calculus analysis performed? When and how should supplements be used in lithiasis?